What far reaching affects this innocent question had! Our original plans for an HVAC system were fairly typical for a new home in the US: single-zone, central-air, powered by an efficient gas furnace with an attachment point for a future air conditioner coil. You can add zones to variants of this system, but it becomes increasingly complicated (and expensive). Yuval suggested that we look at heat pumps.
What is a heat pump?
A heat pump uses condensation and evaporation of a refrigerant to heat or cool a space. Air source heat pumps use the air as the energy source/sink. It doesn't take much to get a feel for how heat pumps can heat a space:
- Evaporating the refrigerant transfers energy from the air into the refrigerant. The loss of energy leaves the air cooler.
- Condensing the refrigerant transfers energy from the refrigerant into the air. The addition of energy leaves the air warmer.
Refrigerators and freezers illustrate this well. They use a small air source heat pump to make cool spaces even cooler by transferring the energy in the fridge into your kitchen (which is, hopefully, much warmer than the fridge or freezer).
For further details, you can read this article and these not-very-good Wikipedia articles: Heat Pumps, Air Source Heat Pumps. And at this point, my facts become an amalgamation of things I have read and things I have learned in conversation — sorry about the lack of citations.
Some trade-offs
Heat pumps are fairly rare in the US today. They are more common internationally (the system we are going with is from Mitsubishi), and the systems have been around for a while. They are common enough, and becoming more popular as their efficiency is recognized, that we shouldn't have problems maintaining our system, but it is a risk.
Heat pumps, at least the ones we are considering, are driven electrically, but run at a much higher efficiency than electric baseboard heat. They are more comparable to an efficient gas furnace, but as the opening question points toward, heat pump systems are easier to configure into zones. Separately-controlled and conditioned zones are often more efficient since you aren't heating the whole house to the same level, but just the area(s) you are currently using. The Mitsubishi system provides a number of other efficiency features, such as providing a variable amount of conditioning (instead of full-on or full-off), and less heat loss in the small, well-insulated refrigerant lines versus standard ductwork.
Heat pumps require refrigerant, and refrigerants are a negative, as far as the environment is concerned. This is partially mitigated by fact that this is a long lifetime, closed system. Mitsubishi also uses refrigerant that has a low environmental impact.
Some heat pump systems, including the one we are using, are reversible — they can transfer energy in and act as a heater or transfer energy out and act as an air conditioner. Even though we were not planning on installing an air conditioning unit at construction time, using a system which supports both functions results in a simpler, more cost efficient solution.
No ducts! The refrigerant line is hardly larger than the wiring, and with the wrapping it's still ~2" in diameter |
Our system
We are going with a Mitsubishi heat pump system. Two external heat pump units will drive six interior distribution units, for a total of six different zones (one per bedroom, two on the main floor, and one downstairs). We decided not to go with programmable thermostats since they are expensive and the units we are buying support a basic level of programmability — a single day/night cycle — that is good enough for us.
Not ugly, but not exactly beautiful |
This was actually a bit of a disappointment. We initially planned to do a system that used small ducts on the main floor to move the air from the distribution units to the open space. This is when green politics got involved. We're going for a Built Green certification on our home — this is a nice-to-have that gives us a verification that our home is green by some external standard and is also good marketing fodder for our builder. To get a Built Greet certification, your heating system must be Energy Star approved. However, Energy Star does not handle configurable systems well.
The exterior hookup. The installed unit will only be 3' x 3' with a depth of 1' |
Overall, we're happy with the configuration that was installed. We'll provide an update once we've moved in and have experienced how this works in practice!